1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
INNOZIDE®
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each tablet of 'Innozide' contains 20 mg enalapril maleate and 12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
'Innozide' is supplied as round, fluted, yellow tablets with 'MSD 718' on one side and scored on the other.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
'Innozide' is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension in patients who have been stabilised on the individual components given in the same proportions.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
The dosage of 'Innozide' should be determined primarily by the experience with the enalapril maleate component.
Adults
Essential hypertension
The usual dosage is one tablet, taken once daily. If necessary, the dosage may be increased to two tablets, taken once daily.
Prior diuretic therapy: symptomatic hypotension may occur following the initial dose of 'Innozide'; this is more likely in patients who are volume and/or salt depleted as a result of prior diuretic therapy. The diuretic therapy should be discontinued for 2-3 days prior to initiation of therapy with 'Innozide'.
Dosage in renal insufficiency
Thiazides may not be appropriate diuretics for use in patients with renal impairment and are ineffective at creatinine clearance values of 30 ml/min or below (i.e. moderate or severe renal insufficiency).
In patients with creatinine clearance of >30 and <80 ml/min, 'Innozide' should be used only after titration of the individual components.
Use in the elderly
In clinical studies the efficacy and tolerability of enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide, administered concomitantly, were similar in both elderly and younger hypertensive patients.
Paediatric use
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.
Route of administration: Oral.
4.3 Contraindications
• Hypersensitivity to enalapril maleate, hydrochlorothiazide, or any of the excipients of 'Innozide'.
• Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance
• Anuria.
• History of angioneurotic edema associated with previous ACE-inhibitor therapy.
• Hereditary or idiopathic angioedema.
• Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived drugs.
• Second and third trimesters of pregnancy (see section 4.4 and 4.6).
• Severe hepatic impairment.
• Stenosis of the renal arteries
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Enalapril Maleate - Hydrochlorothiazide
Hypotension and Electrolyte Fluid Imbalance
Symptomatic hypotension is rarely seen in uncomplicated hypertensive patients. In hypertensive patients receiving 'Innozide', symptomatic hypotension is more likely to occur if the patient has been volume - depleted, e.g., by diuretic therapy, dietary salt restriction, diarrhoea or vomiting (see sections 4.5 and 4.8). Regular determination of serum electrolytes should be performed at appropriate intervals in such patients. Special attention should be paid to patients with ischemic heart or cerebrovascular disease in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident. In hypertensive patients with heart failure, with or without associated renal insufficiency, symptomatic hypotension has been observed. This is most likely to occur in those patients with more severe degrees of heart failure, as reflected by the use of high doses of loop diuretics, hyponatraemia or functional renal impairment. In these patients, therapy should be started under medical supervision and the patients should be followed closely whenever the dose of 'Innozide' and/or diuretic is adjusted. Similar considerations may apply to patients with ischaemic heart or cerebrovascular disease in whom an excessive fall in blood pressure could result in a myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident.
If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, should receive an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contra-indication to further doses, which can be given usually without difficulty once the blood pressure has increased after volume expansion.
In some patients with heart failure who have normal or low blood pressure, additional lowering of systemic blood pressure may occur with 'Innozide'. This effect is anticipated, and usually is not a reason to discontinue treatment. If hypotension becomes symptomatic, a reduction of dose and/or discontinuation of the diuretic and/or 'Innozide' may be necessary.
Renal Function Impairment
Renal failure has been reported in association with enalapril and has been mainly in patients with severe heart failure or underlying renal disease, including renal artery stenosis. If recognised promptly and treated appropriately, renal failure when associated with therapy with enalapril is usually reversible.
'Innozide' should not be administered to patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <80 ml/min. and >30 ml/min.) until titration of enalapril has shown the need for the dose present in this formulation (see section 4.2).
Some hypertensive patients with no apparent pre-existing renal disease have developed increases in blood urea and creatinine when enalapril has been given concurrently with a diuretic (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate, Renal Function Impairment; Hydrochlorothiazide, Renal Function Impairment in section 4.4). If this occurs, therapy with 'Innozide' should be discontinued. This situation should raise the possibility of underlying renal artery stenosis (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate, Renovascular Hypertension in section 4.4)
Hyperkalemia
The combination of enalapril and a low-dose diuretic cannot exclude the possibility of an hyperkalemia to occur (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate, Hyperkalemia in section 4.4).
Lithium
The combination of lithium with enalapril and diuretic agents is generally not recommended (see section 4.5).
Lactose
'Innozide' contains less than 200 mg of lactose per tablet. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
Paediatric use
Safety and efficacy in children has not been established.
Enalapril Maleate
AorticStenosis/Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
As with all vasodilators, ACE inhibitors should be given with caution in patients with left ventricular valvular and outflow tract obstruction and avoided in cases of cardiogenic shock and haemodynamically significant obstruction.
Renal Function Impairment
Renal failure has been reported in association with enalapril and has been mainly in patients with severe heart failure or underlying renal disease, including renal artery stenosis. If recognized promptly and treated appropriately, renal failure when associated with therapy with enalapril is usually reversible (see section 4.2 and Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate-Hydrochlorothiazide, Renal Function Impairment; Hydrochlorothiazide, Renal Function Impairment in section 4.4).
Renovascular Hypertension
There is an increased risk of hypotension and renal insufficiency when patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or stenosis of the artery to a single functioning kidney are treated with ACE inhibitors. Loss of renal function may occur with only mild changes in serum creatinine. In these patients, therapy should be initiated under close medical supervision with low doses, careful titration, and monitoring of renal function.
Haemodialysis Patients
The use of enalapril is not indicated in patients requiring dialysis for renal failure. Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialysed with high-flux membranes (e.g., AN 69®) and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. In these patients consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of antihypertensive agent.
Kidney Transplantation
There is no experience regarding the administration of enalapril in patients with a recent kidney transplantation. Treatment with enalapril is therefore not recommended.
Hepatic failure
Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice or hepatitis and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hepatic Disease in section 4.4).
Neutropenia/Agranulocytosis
Neutropenia/agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anaemia have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors. In patients with normal renal function and no other complicating factors, neutropenia occurs rarely. Enalapril should be used with extreme caution in patients with collagen vascular disease, immunosuppressant therapy, treatment with allopurinol or procainamide, or a combination of these complicating factors, especially if there is pre-existing impaired renal function. Some of these patients developed serious infections which in a few instances did not respond to intensive antibiotic therapy. If enalapril is used in such patients, periodic monitoring of white blood cell counts is advised and patients should be instructed to report any sign of infection.
Hyperkalaemia
Elevations in serum potassium have been observed in some patients treated with ACE inhibitors, including enalapril. Risk factors for the development of hyperkalaemia include those with renal insufficiency, worsening of renal function, age (>70 years), diabetes mellitus, inter-current events in particular dehydration, acute cardiac decompensation, metabolic acidosis and concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene, or amiloride), potassium supplements or potassium-containing salt substitutes; or those patients taking other drugs associated with increases in serum potassium (e.g., heparin). The use of potassium supplements, potassium-sparing diuretics, or potassium-containing salt substitutes particularly in patients with impaired renal function may lead to a significant increase in serum potassium. Hyperkalaemia can cause serious, sometimes fatal, arrhythmias. If concomitant use of enalapril and any of the above-mentioned agents is deemed appropriate, they should be used with caution and with frequent monitoring of serum potassium (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate-Hydrochlorothiazide, Hyperkalemia; Hydrochlorothiazide, Metabolic and Endocrine Effects in section 4.4 and section 4.5).
Diabetic Patients
Diabetic patients treated with oral antidiabetic agents or insulin starting an ACE inhibitor should be told to closely monitor for hypoglycaemia, especially during the first month of combined use (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Hydrochlorothiazide, Metabolic and Endocrine Effects in section 4.4 and section 4.5).
Hypersensitivity/Angioneurotic Oedema
Angioneurotic oedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, including enalapril maleate. This may occur at any time during treatment. In such cases, 'Innozide' should be discontinued promptly and appropriate monitoring should be instituted to ensure complete resolution of symptoms prior to dismissing the patient. Even in those instances where swelling of only the tongue is involved, without respiratory distress, patients may require prolonged observation since treatment with antihistamines and corticosteroids may not be sufficient.
Very rarely, fatalities have been reported due to angioedema associated with laryngeal oedema or tongue oedema. Patients with involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx are likely to experience airway obstruction, especially those with a history of airway surgery. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, which may include subcutaneous epinephrine solution 1:1000 (0.3 ml to 0.5 ml) and/or measures to ensure a patent airway, should be administered promptly.
Black patients receiving ACE inhibitors have been reported to have a higher incidence of angioedema compared to Whites. However, in general it appears that Blacks have an increased risk for angioedema.
Patients with a history of angioedema unrelated to ACE inhibitor therapy may be at increased risk of angioedema while receiving an ACE inhibitor. (Also see section 4.3).
Anaphylactoid Reactions during Hymenoptera Desensitization
Rarely, patients receiving ACE inhibitors during desensitisation with hymenoptera venom have experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. These reactions were avoided by temporarily withholding ACE inhibitor therapy prior to each desensitisation.
Anaphylactoid Reactions during LDL-Apheresis
Rarely, patients receiving ACE inhibitors during low density lipoprotein (LDL)-apheresis with dextran sulfate have experienced life-threatening anaphylactic reactions. These reactions were avoided by temporarily withholding ACE-inhibitor therapy prior to each apheresis.
Cough
Cough has been reported with the use of ACE inhibitors. Characteristically, the cough is non-productive, persistent and resolves after discontinuation of therapy. ACE inhibitor-induced cough should be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of cough.
Surgery/Anaesthesia
Enalapril blocks angiotensin II formation and therefore impairs the ability of patients undergoing major surgery or anaesthesia with agents that produce hypotension to compensate via the renin-angiotensin system. Hypotension which occurs due to this mechanism can be corrected by volume expansion (see section 4.5).
Pregnancy and Lactation
ACE inhibitors should not be initiated during pregnancy. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative antihypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started (see sections 4.3 and 4.6).
Use of enalapril is not recommended during breast feeding.
Ethnic Differences
As with other angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, enalapril is apparently less effective in lowering blood pressure in black people than in non-blacks, possibly because of a higher prevalence of low-renin states in the black hypertensive population.
Hydrochlorothiazide
Renal Function Impairment
Thiazides may not be appropriate diuretics for use in patients with renal impairment and are ineffective at creatinine clearance values of 30 ml/min or below (i.e., moderate or severe renal insufficiency) (see section 4.2 and Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate-Hydrochlorothiazide, Renal Function Impairment; Enalapril Maleate, Renal Function Impairment in section 4.4).
'Innozide' should not be administered to patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <80 ml/min) until titration of the individual components has shown the need for the doses present in the combination tablet.
Hepatic Disease
Thiazides should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease, since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate, Hepatic Failure in section 4.4).
Metabolic and Endocrine Effects
Thiazide therapy may impair glucose tolerance. Dosage adjustment of antidiabetic agents, including insulin, may be required (see Special warnings and precautions for use, Enalapril Maleate, Diabetic Patients in section 4.4). Thaizides may decrease serum sodium, magnesium and potassium levels.
Increases in cholesterol and triglyceride levels may be associated with thiazide diuretic therapy; however, at the 12.5 mg dose of hydrochlorothiazide contained in 'Innozide', minimal or no effect was reported. In addition, in clinical studies with 6 mg of hydrochlorothiazide no clinically significant effect on glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, magnesium or potassium was reported.
Thiazides may decrease urinary calcium excretion and cause an intermittent and slight elevation of serum calcium in the absence of known disorders of calcium metabolism. Marked hypercalcaemia may be evidence of latent hyperparathyroidism. Thiazides should be discontinued before testing parathyroid function.
Thiazide therapy may precipitate hyperuricaemia and/or gout in certain patients. This effect on hyperuricemia appears to be dose-related. In addition enalapril may increase urinary uric acid and thus may attenuate the hyperuricaemic effect of hydrochlorothiazide.
As for any patient receiving diuretic therapy, periodic determination of serum electrolytes should be performed at appropriate intervals.
Thiazides (including hydrochlorothiazide) can cause fluid or electrolyte imbalance (hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, and hypochloraemic alkalosis). Warning signs of fluid or electrolyte imbalance are xerostomia, thirst, weakness, lethargy, somnolence, restlessness, muscle pain or cramps, muscular fatigue, hypotension, oliguria, tachycardia, and gastro-intestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting.
Although hypokalaemia may develop during use of thiazide diuretics, concurrent therapy with enalapril may reduce diuretic-induced hypokalaemia. The risk of hypokalaemia is greatest in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, in patients experiencing brisk diuresis, in patients with inadequate oral intake of electrolytes and in patients receiving concomitant therapy with corticosteroids or ACTH (see section 4.5).
Hyponatraemia may occur in oedematous patients in hot weather. Chloride deficit is generally mild and does not usually require treatment.
Thiazides may have been shown to increase the urinary excretion of magnesium, which may result in hypomagnesemia.
Anti-doping test
Hydrochlorothiazide contained in this product can produce a positive analytic result in an anti-doping test.
Hypersensitivity
In patients receiving thiazides, sensitivity reactions may occur with or without a history of allergy and bronchial asthma. Exacerbation or activation of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported with the use of thiazides.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
Enalapril Maleate-Hydrochlorothiazide
Other Antihypertensive Agents
Concomitant use of these agents may increase the hypotensive effects of enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide. Concomitant use with nitroglycerine and other nitrates, or other vasodilators, may further reduce blood pressure.
Lithium
Reversible increases in serum lithium concentrations and toxicity have been reported during concomitant administration of lithium with ACE inhibitors. Concomitant use of thiazide diuretics may further increase lithium levels and enhance the risk of lithium toxicity with ACE inhibitors.
Use of 'Innozide' with lithium is not recommended, but if the combination proves necessary, careful monitoring of serum lithium levels should be performed (see section 4.4).
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) including selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors) may reduce the effect of diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs. Therefore, the antihypertensive effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists, ACE inhibitors or diuretics may be attenuated by NSAIDs including selective COX-2 inhibitors.
The co-administration of NSAIDs (including COX-2 inhibitors) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists or ACE inhibitors exert an additive effect on the increase in serum potassium, and may result in a deterioration of renal function. These effects are usually reversible. Rarely, acute renal failure may occur, especially in patients with compromised renal function (such as the elderly or patients who are volume-depleted, including those on diuretic therapy). Therefore, the combination should be administered with caution in patients with compromised renal function.
Enalapril Maleate
Potassium-sparing Diuretics or Potassium Supplements
ACE inhibitors attenuate diuretic induced potassium loss. Potassium sparing diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene or amiloride), potassium supplements, or potassium-containing salt substitutes may lead to significant increases in serum potassium. If concomitant use is indicated because of demonstrated hypokalaemia they should be used with caution and with frequent monitoring of serum potassium (see section 4.4)
Diuretics (thiazide or loop diuretics)
Prior treatment with high dose diuretics may result in volume depletion and a risk of hypotension when initiating therapy with enalapril (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). The hypotensive effects can be reduced by discontinuation of the diuretic or by increasing volume or salt intake.
Tricyclic Antidepressants/Antipsychotics/Anaesthetics
Concomitant use of certain anaesthetic medicinal products, tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics with ACE inhibitors may result in further reduction of blood pressure (see section 4.4).
GOLD
Nitritoid reactions (symptoms include facial flushing, nausea, vomiting and hypotension) have been reported rarely in patients on therapy with injectable gold (sodium aurothiomalate) and concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy including enalapril.
Sympathomimetics
Sympathomimetics may reduce the antihypertensive effects of ACE inhibitors.
Alcohol
Alcohol enhances the hypotensive effect of ACE inhibitors.
Antidiabetics
Epidemiological studies have suggested that concomitant administration of ACE inhibitors and antidiabetic medicines (insulins, oral hypoglycaemic agents) may cause an increased blood-glucose-lowering effect with risk of hypoglycaemia. This phenomenon appeared to be more likely to occur during the first weeks of combined treatment and in patients with renal impairment (see section 4.8).
Acetyl Salicylic Acid, Thrombolytics and β -blockers
Enalapril can be safely administered concomitantly with acetyl salicylic acid (at cardiologic doses), thrombolytics and β-blockers.
Hydrochlorothiazide
Non-depolarising Muscle Relaxants
Thiazides may increase the responsiveness to tubocurarine.
Alcohol, Barbiturates, or Opioid Analgesics
Potentiation of orthostatic hypotension may occur.
Antidiabetic Drugs (Oral Agents and Insulin)
Dosage adjustment of the antidiabetic drug may be required (see section 4.8).
Cholestyramine and Colestipol Resins
Absorption of hydrochlorothiazide is impaired in the presence of anionic exchange resins. Single doses of either cholestyramine or colestipol resins bind the hydrochlorothiazide and reduce its absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract by up to 85 and 43 percent, respectively.
Increasing the QT Interval (e.g., quinidine, procainamide, amiodarone, sotalol)
Increased risk of torsades de pointes.
Digitalis Glycosides
Hypokalaemia can sensitise or exaggerate the response of the heart to the toxic effects of digitalis (e.g., increased ventricular irritability).
Corticosteroids, ACTH
Intensified electrolyte depletion, particularly hypokalaemia.
Kaliuretic Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide), Carbenoxolone, or Laxative Abuse
Hydrochlorothiazide may increase the loss of potassium and/or magnesium.
Pressor Amines (e.g. Noradrenaline)
The effect of pressor amines may be decreased.
Cytostatics (e.g., Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate)
Thiazides may reduce the renal excretion of cytotoxic drugs and potentiate their myelosuppressive effects.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
The use of ACE inhibitors is not recommended during the first trimester of pregnancy (see section 4.4). The use of ACE inhibitors is contra-indicated during the second and third trimester of pregnancy (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
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Epidemiological evidence regarding the risk of teratogenicity following exposure to ACE inhibitors during the first trimester of pregnancy has not been conclusive; however a small increase in risk cannot be excluded. Unless continued ACE inhibitor therapy is considered essential, patients planning pregnancy should be changed to alternative anti-hypertensive treatments which have an established safety profile for use in pregnancy. When pregnancy is diagnosed, treatment with ACE inhibitors should be stopped immediately, and, if appropriate, alternative therapy should be started.
ACE inhibitors therapy exposure during the second and third trimesters is known to induce human foetotoxicity (decreased renal function, oligohydramnios, skull ossification retardation) and neonatal toxicity (renal failure, hypotension, hyperkalaemia) (see section 5.3). Should exposure to ACE inhibitors have occurred from the second trimester of pregnancy, ultrasound check of renal function and skull is recommended. Infants whose mothers have taken ACE inhibitors should be closely observed for hypotension (see sections 4.3 and 4.4).
Prolonged exposure to hydrochlorothiazide during the third trimester of pregnancy may cause a foeto-placental ischaemia and growth retardation. Moreover, rare cases of hypoglycaemia and thrombocytopenia in neonates have been reported following exposure near term. Neonatal jaundice may also occur.
Hydrochlorothiazide can reduce plasma volume as well as uteroplacental blood flow.
'Innozide' is not recommended during lactation. Both enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide are excreted in human milk. Thiazides during breast-feeding have been associated with decrease or even suppression of milk lactation. Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived drugs, hypokalemia and nuclear icterus might occur. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from both drugs, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue therapy taking into account the importance of this therapy for the mother.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
When driving vehicles or operating machines it should be taken into account that occasionally dizziness or weariness may occur (see section 4.8).
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Side effects reported with 'Innozide', enalapril alone or hydrochlorothiazide alone either during clinical studies or after the drug was marketed include:
[Very common (>1/10); common (>1/100, <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000, <1/100); rare (>1/10,000, <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).]
Blood and the Lymphatic System Disorders:
uncommon: anaemia (including aplastic and haemolytic)
rare: neutropenia, decreases in haemoglobin, decreases in haematocrit, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, bone marrow depression, leukopenia, pancytopenia, lymphadenopathy, autoimmune diseases
Endocrine disorders:
not known: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders:
common: hypokalaemia, increase of cholesterol, increase of triglycerides, hyperuricaemia
uncommon: hypoglycaemia (see section 4.4), hypomagnesemia, gout**
rare: increase in blood glucose
very rare: hypercalcaemia
(see section 4.4)
Nervous System and Psychiatric Disorders:
common: headache, depression, syncope, taste alteration
uncommon: confusion, somnolence, insomnia, nervousness, paraesthesia, vertigo, decreased libido**
rare: dream abnormality, sleep disorders, paresis (due to hypokalemia)
Eye Disorders:
very common: blurred vision
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders:
uncommon: tinnitus
Cardiac and Vascular Disorders:
very common: dizziness
common: hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, rhythm disturbances, angina pectoris, tachycardia
uncommon: flushing, palpitations, myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident*, possibly secondary to excessive hypotension in high risk patients (see section 4.4)
rare: Raynaud's phenomenon
Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders:
very common: cough
common: dyspnoea
uncommon: rhinorrhoea, sore throat and hoarseness, bronchospasm/asthma
rare: pulmonary infiltrates, respiratory distress (including pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema), rhinitis, allergic alveolitis/eosinophilic pneumonia
Gastro-intestinal Disorders:
very common: nausea
common: diarrhoea, abdominal pain
uncommon: ileus, pancreatitis, vomiting, dyspepsia, constipation, anorexia, gastric irritations, dry mouth, peptic ulcer, flatulence**
rare: stomatitis/aphthous ulcerations, glossitis
very rare: intestinal angioedema
Hepatobiliary Disorders:
rare: hepatic failure, hepatic necrosis (may be fatal), hepatitis – either hepatocellular or cholestatic, jaundice, cholecystitis (in particular in patients with pre-existing cholelithiasis)
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders:
common: rash (exanthema), hypersensitivity/angioneurotic oedema: angioneurotic oedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis and/or larynx has been reported (see section 4.4)
uncommon: diaphoresis, pruritus, urticaria, alopecia
rare: erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, exfoliative dermatitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, purpura, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, pemphigus, erythroderma
A symptom complex has been reported which may include some or all of the following: fever, serositis, vasculitis, myalgia/myositis, arthralgia/arthritis, a positive ANA, elevated ESR, eosinophilia, and leukocytosis. Rash, photosensitivity or other dermatologic manifestations may occur.
Musculoskeletal, Connective Tissue and Bone Disorders:
common: muscle cramps†
uncommon: arthralgia**
Renal and Urinary Disorders:
uncommon: renal dysfunction, renal failure, proteinuria
rare: oliguria, interstitial nephritis
Reproductive System and Breast Disorders:
uncommon: impotence
rare: gynecomastia
General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions:
very common: asthenia
common: chest pain, fatigue
uncommon: malaise, fever
Investigations:
common: hyperkalaemia, increases in serum creatinine
uncommon: increases in blood urea, hyponatraemia
rare: elevations of liver enzymes, elevations of serum bilirubin
* Incidence rates were comparable to those in the placebo and active control groups in the clinical trials.
** only seen with doses of hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg and 25 mg
† The frequency of muscle cramps as common pertains to doses of hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg and 25 mg, whereas, the frequency of the event is uncommon as it pertains to 6 mg doses of hydrochlorothiazide.
4.9 Overdose
No specific information is available on the treatment of overdosage with 'Innozide'. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Therapy with 'Innozide' should be discontinued and the patient observed closely. Suggested measures include induction of emesis, administration of activated charcoal, and administration of a laxative if ingestion is recent, and correction of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and hypotension by established procedures.
Enalapril Maleate
The most prominent features of overdosage reported to date are marked hypotension, beginning some six hours after ingestion of tablets, concomitant with blockade of the renin-angiotensin system, and stupor. Symptoms associated with overdosage of ACE inhibitors may include circulatory shock, electrolyte disturbances, renal failure, hyperventilation, tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia, dizziness, anxiety, and cough. Serum enalaprilat levels 100- and 200-fold higher than usually seen after therapeutic doses have been reported after ingestion of 300 mg and 440 mg of enalapril maleate, respectively.
The recommended treatment of overdosage is intravenous infusion of normal saline solution. If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in the shock position. If available, treatment with angiotensin II infusion and/or intravenous catecholamines may also be considered. If ingestion is recent, take measures aimed at eliminating enalapril maleate (e.g., emesis, gastric lavage, administration of absorbents, and sodium sulphate). Enalaprilat may be removed from the general circulation by hemodialysis (see section 4.4). Pacemaker therapy is indicated for therapy-resistant bradycardia. Vital signs, serum electrolytes and creatinine concentrations should be monitored continuously.
Hydrochlorothiazide
The most common signs and symptoms observed are those caused by electrolyte depletion (hypokalaemia, hypochloraemia, hyponatraemia) and dehydration resulting from excessive diuresis. If digitalis has also been administered, hypokalaemia may accentuate cardiac arrhythmias.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: enalapril and diuretics, ATC code C09 BA02.
Enalapril maleate
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a peptidyl dipeptidase which catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the pressor substance angiotensin II. After absorption, enalapril is hydrolysed to enalaprilat, which inhibits ACE, which leads to increased plasma renin activity (due to removal of negative feedback on renin release), and decreased aldosterone secretion.
ACE is identical to kininase II. Thus enalapril may also block the degradation of bradykinin, a potential vasodepressor peptide. However, the role that this plays in the therapeutic effects of enalapril remains to be elucidated. While the mechanism through which enalapril lowers blood pressure is believed to be primarily suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which plays a major role in the regulation of blood pressure, enalapril is antihypertensive even in patients with low-renin hypertension.
Enalapril maleate - hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic and antihypertensive agent which increases plasma renin activity. Although enalapril alone is antihypertensive even in patients with low-renin hypertension, concomitant administration of hydrochlorothiazide in these patients leads to greater reduction of blood pressure.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption
Oral enalapril maleate is rapidly absorbed, with peak serum concentrations of enalapril occurring within one hour. Based on urinary recovery, the extent of absorption of enalapril from oral enalapril maleate is approximately 60%. Following absorption, oral enalapril is rapidly and extensively hydrolysed to enalaprilat, a potent angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Peak serum concentrations of enalaprilat occur 3 to 4 hours after an oral dose of enalapril maleate. The principal components in urine are enalaprilat, accounting for about 40% of the dose, and intact enalapril. Except for conversion to enalaprilat, there is no evidence of significant metabolism of enalapril. The serum concentration profile of enalaprilat exhibits a prolonged terminal phase, apparently associated with binding to ACE. In subjects with normal renal function, steady state serum concentrations of enalaprilat were achieved by the fourth day of administration of enalapril maleate. The absorption of oral enalapril maleate is not influenced by the presence of food in the gastro-intestinal tract. The extent of absorption and hydrolysis of enalapril are similar for the various doses in the recommended therapeutic range.
Distribution
Studies in dogs indicate that enalapril crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, if at all; enalaprilat does not enter the brain. Enalapril crosses the placental barrier. Hydrochlorothiazide crosses the placental but not the blood-brain barrier.
Biotransformation
Except for conversion to enalaprilat, there is no evidence for significant metabolism of enalapril. Hydrochlorothiazide is not metabolised but is eliminated rapidly by the kidney.
Elimination
Excretion of enalapril is primarily renal. The principal components in urine are enalaprilat, accounting for about 40% of the dose, and intact enalapril. The effective half-life for accumulation of enalaprilat following multiple doses of oral enalapril maleate is 11 hours. When plasma levels of hydrochlorothiazide have been followed for at least 24 hours, the plasma half-life has been observed to vary between 5.6 and 14.8 hours. Hydrochlorothiazide is not metabolised but is eliminated rapidly by the kidney. At least 61% of the oral dose is eliminated unchanged within 24 hours.
Characteristics in patients
Enalaprilat may be removed from the general circulation by haemodialysis.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
No relevant information.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Sodium hydrogen carbonate E500, lactose, maize starch, yellow ferric oxide E172, pregelatinised starch, and magnesium stearate E572.
6.2 Incompatibilities
None
6.3 Shelf Life
36 months.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Do not store above 25°C. Store in the original container.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
PVC/nylon/aluminium blister packs containing 28 tablets.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
None.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited
Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 0025/0249
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
First authorised: 8 May 1991.
Last renewed: 10 November 2004.
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
Revision approved: January 2011.
LEGAL CATEGORY
POM
© Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited 2011. All rights reserved.
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Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited
Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, UK
SPC.CRN.10.UK.3339
